Matures Vs Young Son
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This suggests that a significant percentage of kids with ADHD are being misdiagnosed just because they are less mature. It raises important questions about how kids are being diagnosed, and how to avoid misinterpreting the behavior of children who might be having trouble meeting expectations just because they are younger.
Finally, we know that some children grow out of ADHD symptoms as they become teenagers and young adults. Hyperactive and impulsive symptoms often wane through adolescence, while inattentive symptoms may continue to be a problem into adulthood.
(a) The seven ages of woman. (b) Schematic graph of excess deaths from seasonal or pandemic influenza over the lifetime of an individual represented as number of deaths per 1000 persons (adapted from [2]). Note that while pregnancy increases the risk of severe influenza, in severe pandemics such as 1918/1919 there were also excess deaths in previously healthy young adults who were not pregnant. (c) Schematic graph of the different arms of the immune response to influenza over the lifetime of an individual.
The young human child, even as the innate and adaptive immune systems start to mature, is at risk from many pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Nevertheless, he or she has a good chance of survival in developed countries. Before there was good nutrition, hygiene and comprehensive vaccination, there was a high mortality in infants and young children. In 1900, the UK infant mortality rate was 140 per 1000, falling to 7 per 1000 by 2000 [39]. This reduction in mortality was proportionally greater in infants and children compared with other age groups [40]. Better prevention and control of infections accounts for most of this fall. However, in many countries, infant mortality rates remain above 50 per 1000, giving some indication of the evolutionary pressure that must have selected a working protective immune system. Furthermore, such pressure has selected the extreme genetic polymorphism in the MHC, which through peptide presentation to T cells and NK cells is a key regulator of almost all immune responses.
The immune system gradually matures during infancy. Critical early protection against many infectious diseases previously experienced by the mother is given by the passive IgG antibody transferred from the mother transplacentally and in milk. Once that fades away, young children become more vulnerable to infections, though by then better armed with the maturing innate and adaptive immune systems. The risks are now much reduced by vaccinations, which stimulate protective immune responses in the maturing immune system. Nevertheless, children may still acquire viral, bacterial and parasitic infections that have to be fought off and controlled by immune responses. Besides promoting recovery, such antigen stimulation results in immunological memory [41,42]. Thus, over time, protection provided by the immune response increases, and young adults suffer fewer infections. This accumulation of immunological memory is an evolving feature of the adaptive immune response. The memory persists into old age [41] but then may fade.
As age advances, the immune system undergoes profound remodelling and decline, with major impact on health and survival [81,82]. This immune senescence predisposes older adults to a higher risk of acute viral and bacterial infections. Moreover, the mortality rates of these infections are three times higher among elderly patients compared with younger adult patients [83]. Infectious diseases are still the fourth most common cause of death among the elderly in the developed world. Furthermore, aberrant immune responses in the aged can exacerbate inflammation, possibly contributing to other scourges of old age: cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease and dementia [84].
The immune system has been primarily moulded by evolution to respond efficiently to acute infections in young people, to adapt to pregnancy and to transmit protection to infants, and is adapted to cope with many chronic infections lasting for decades. Apart from fighting viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, the immune system also assumes other roles such as tissue repair, wound healing, elimination of dead and cancer cells, and formation of the healthy gut microbiota. Assuming an absence of a major selective pressure on humans beyond reproductive age, we may have to pay for genetic traits selected to ensure early-life fitness by the later development of immunological phenotypes such as chronic inflammation. Massive ageing and advanced longevity are very recent phenomena occurring in an optimized environment. As proposed by Hayflick [108], ageing may be an artefact of civilization, and hence changes in the ageing immune system might just be a consequence of evolutionary unpredicted antigenic exposure over the lifetime of an individual.
That's worrisome, especially because the average age of puberty seems to be trending younger for children worldwide. The average age of a girl's first period in the United States and Europe was about 16 a century ago. Today, it's closer to 13, as Susan Euling, PhD, and colleagues described in a 2008 paper (Pediatrics, 2008). Far fewer studies have explored pubertal timing in boys, in part because there isn't a clear objective marker of puberty in boys comparable to a girl's first period. Still, some studies have suggested that boys, too, might be developing earlier than generations past.
Cultural connotations might make puberty particularly hard for girls. Being sexually mature brings specific challenges for young women, Mendle says. \"In particular, there are changes in thinking of yourself as sexually desirable or physically attractive that get emphasized for girls at puberty.\"
Though researchers don't fully understand the reasons for that difference, Carter suggests it might be related to the social and cultural expectations applied to young women in different communities. \"I think it has something to do with the context in which [pubertal] changes are taking place,\" she says. \"How are girls accommodating to those changes\"
While researchers have a lot to learn about early puberty, their findings already suggest hints for helping kids navigate the path toward adolescence. Children who learn better coping skills may be buffered from some of the negative effects of maturing young. Lisa Sontag Padilla, PhD, of the RAND Corp., and colleagues found that among girls who matured early, those who had lower executive functioning and those who experienced more reactivity to the stress hormone cortisol were more likely to experience maladjustment (Developmental Psychopathology, 2012).
What is mature-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY 5)MODY 5 is a form of diabetes caused by a mutation of a single gene. The mutation causes pancreatic beta cells to function abnormally, leading to insufficient production of insulin. In some cases, insulin resistance develops. In addition, the pancreas may not produce enough digestive enzymes.
Be positive. When the person behaves in ways that seem mature and genuine, praise them for it. Positive reinforcement is a strong tool for encouraging growth. Parents often do this to encourage certain behaviors in young children. Adults will respond positively to praise as well.
Throughout our lives we grow and change, but during early adolescence the rate of change is especially evident. We consider 10-year-olds to be children; we think of 14-year-olds as \"almost adults.\" We welcome the changes, but we also find them a little disturbing. When children are younger, it is easier to predict when a change might take place and how rapidly. But by early adolescence, the relationship between a child's real age and her* developmental milestones grows weaker. Just how young teens develop can be influenced by many things: for example, genes, families, friends, neighborhoods and values and other forces in society.
As they enter puberty, young teens undergo a great many physical changes, not only in size and shape, but in such things as the growth of pubic and underarm hair and increased body odor. For girls, changes include the development of breasts and the start of menstruation; for boys, the development of testes.
Early adolescence often brings with it new concerns about body image and appearance. Both girls and boys who never before gave much thought to their looks may suddenly spend hours primping, worrying and complaining—about being too short, too tall, too fat, too skinny or too pimply. Body parts may grow at different times and rates. Hands and feet, for example, may grow faster than arms and legs. Because movement of their bodies requires coordination of body parts— and because these parts are of changing proportions-young adolescents may be clumsy and awkward in their physical activities
The rate at which physical growth and development takes place also can influence other parts of a young teen's life. An 11-year-old girl who has already reached puberty will have different interests than will a girl who does not do so until she's 14. Young teens who bloom very early or very late may have special concerns. Late bloomers (especially boys) may feel they can't compete in sports with more physically developed classmates. Early bloomers (especially girls) may be pressured into adult situations before they are emotionally or mentally able to handle them. The combined effect of the age on the beginning for physical changes in puberty and the ways in which friends, classmates, family and the world around them respond to those changes can have long-lasting effects on an adolescent. Some young teens, however, like the idea that they are developing differently from their friends. For example, they may enjoy some advantages, especially in sports, over classmates who mature later.
Most experts believe that the idea of young teens being controlled by their \"raging hormones\" is exaggerated. Nonetheless, this age can be one of mood swings, sulking, a craving for privacy and short tempers. Young children are not able to think far ahead, but young teens can and do—which allows them to worry about the future. Some may worry excessively about: 59ce067264
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